Territoriality

Territoriality

1 In many species, members of the species exhibit aggressive behavior toward one another, often with a focus on territoriality, the fight for exclusive control of a particular area. The level of <range type="comment" id="564678225_8">violence </range id="564678225_8">in territorial aggression <range type="comment" id="564678225_9">varies </range id="564678225_9"><range type="comment" id="564678225_10">widely </range id="564678225_10">from species to species, <range type="comment" id="564678225_11">though </range id="564678225_11">few species fight other members of the species to death and instead <range type="comment" id="564678225_12">rely </range id="564678225_12">on non-<range type="comment" id="564678225_13">lethal </range id="564678225_13"><range type="comment" id="564678225_14">contests </range id="564678225_14">for control of territory that <range type="comment" id="564678225_15">involves </range id="564678225_15">noise-making <range type="comment" id="564678225_16">maneuvers </range id="564678225_16">such as <range type="comment" id="564678225_17">roaring </range id="564678225_17">or <range type="comment" id="564678225_18">hissing </range id="564678225_18">or aggressive <range type="comment" id="564678225_19">posturing </range id="564678225_19">or gestures. 2 Most bird species are known to be territorial to some <range type="comment" id="564678225_20">degree</range id="564678225_20">, though the territorial behaviors exhibited by most species are limited to singing contests, which can go on for days, or <range type="comment" id="564678225_21">threatening </range id="564678225_21">postures with wings <range type="comment" id="564678225_22">lifted</range id="564678225_22"> or <range type="comment" id="564678225_23"><range type="comment" id="565404589_2">extended</range id="565404589_2"></range id="564678225_23">. The <range type="comment" id="564678225_24">swan</range id="564678225_24">, on the other hand, is quite <range type="comment" id="564678225_25"><range type="comment" id="565404589_3">unlike </range id="565404589_3"></range id="564678225_25">other birds in this <range type="comment" id="564678225_26">respect</range id="564678225_26">. The swan may seem <range type="comment" id="564678225_27">particularly </range id="564678225_27">elegant and <range type="comment" id="564678225_28">serene</range id="564678225_28"> <range type="comment" id="564678225_29">as </range id="564678225_29">it <range type="comment" id="564678225_30">glides </range id="564678225_30">across the surface of a lake; however, male swans are, in reality, <range type="comment" id="564678225_31">quite </range id="564678225_31">territorial and will fight other male swans for the <range type="comment" id="564678225_32">exclusive </range id="564678225_32">use of a lake no matter how large the lake is. Males will <range type="comment" id="564678225_33">engage </range id="564678225_33">in <range type="comment" id="564678225_34">ferocious</range id="564678225_34"> <range type="comment" id="564678225_35">contests</range id="564678225_35">, with their necks <range type="comment" id="564678225_36">entwined</range id="564678225_36"> as they <range type="comment" id="564678225_37">attempt</range id="564678225_37"> to <range type="comment" id="564678225_38">cause </range id="564678225_38"><range type="comment" id="564678225_39">mortal </range id="564678225_39"><range type="comment" id="564678225_40">injury </range id="564678225_40">to each other.

15. Why does the author include __the fight for exclusive control of a particular area__ in paragraph 1? (A) It presents an argument against a <range type="comment" id="565404879_1">previously </range id="565404879_1"><range type="comment" id="565404879_2">stated </range id="565404879_2"><range type="comment" id="565404879_3">point</range id="565404879_3">. (B) It <range type="comment" id="565404879_4">provides</range id="565404879_4"> a definition of a previously stated <range type="comment" id="565404879_5">term</range id="565404879_5">. (C) It presents a second area of focus of aggressive behavior. (D) It introduces a new idea to be <range type="comment" id="565404879_6">further </range id="565404879_6">developed in the paragraph.

16. The author uses the word __instead__ in paragraph 2 to show that the information that follows (A) <range type="comment" id="565404879_7">contradicts </range id="565404879_7">what <range type="comment" id="565404879_8">precedes </range id="565404879_8">it (B) <range type="comment" id="565404879_9">expands </range id="565404879_9">upon what precedes it (C) provides an example of what precedes it (D) explains an effect of what precedes it

17. Why does the author mention __singing contests__ in paragraph 2? (A) To demonstrate that birds create beautiful sounds (B) To provide an example of unusual behavior by birds (C) To show how <range type="comment" id="565404879_10">violently </range id="565404879_10">aggressive some bird behavior is (D) To demonstrate that some types of territorial behaviors are not very aggressive

18. The author discusses the swan in paragraph 2 to provide an example of (A) a bird that makes threatening postures with its wings (B) a bird whose territorial behavior is extremely aggressive (C) non-lethal contests for control of territory (D) the limited aggressive behavior generally exhibited by birds On the other hand 19. The author mentions their necks entwined in paragraph 2 in order (A) to indicate that swans are really rather <range type="comment" id="565404879_11">affectionate</range id="565404879_11"> (B) to emphasize how long swans' necks are (C) to make the point that the swans are only <range type="comment" id="565404879_12">pretending </range id="565404879_12">to hurt one another (D) to create a mental image for the reader of fighting swans

Answer key： B_A_D_B_D